A Tutorial for Deploying and Managing a Cluster with Linode Kubernetes Engine and the Linode API
Updated by Linode Contributed by Linode
What is the Linode Kubernetes Engine (LKE)?
The Linode Kubernetes Engine (LKE) is a fully-managed container orchestration engine for deploying and managing containerized applications and workloads. LKE combines Linode’s ease of use and simple pricing with the infrastructure efficiency of Kubernetes. When you deploy a LKE cluster, you receive a Kubernetes Master at no additional cost; you only pay for the Linodes (worker nodes), NodeBalancers (load balancers), and Block Storage Volumes. Your LKE Cluster’s Master node runs the Kubernetes control plane processes – including the API, scheduler, and resource controllers.
Additional LKE features
- etcd Backups : A snapshot of your cluster’s metadata is backed up continuously, so your cluster is automatically restored in the event of a failure.
- High Availability : All of your control plane components are monitored and will automatically recover if they fail.
You can easily deploy an LKE cluster in several ways:
- Via the Linode Cloud Manager
With the Linode API (as presented in this guide)
Note
The Linode API and the Kubernetes API are two separate interfaces, and both will be mentioned in this article. The Linode API allows you to manipulate your Linode infrastructure, while the Kubernetes API allows you to manage the software objects running in your cluster.With the Linode CLI
These Linode-provided interfaces can be used to create, delete, and update the structural elements of your cluster, including:
- The number of nodes that make up a cluster’s node pools.
- The region where your node pools are deployed.
- The hardware resources for each node in your node pools.
- The Kubernetes version deployed to your cluster’s Master node and worker nodes.
The Kubernetes API and kubectl are the primary ways you will interact with your LKE cluster once it’s been created. These tools can be used to configure, deploy, inspect, and secure your Kubernetes workloads, deploy applications, create services, configure storage and networking, and define controllers.
In this Guide
This guide will cover how to use the Linode API to:
- Create an LKE cluster
- Connect kubectl to your LKE cluster
- Inspect your LKE cluster
- Modify an existing LKE cluster
- Delete an LKE cluster
Before You Begin
Familiarize yourself with the Linode Kubernetes Engine service. This information will help you understand the benefits and limitations of LKE.
Create an API Token. You will need this to access the LKE service.
Install kubectl on your computer. You will use kubectl to interact with your cluster once it’s deployed.
If you are new to Kubernetes, refer to our A Beginner’s Guide to Kubernetes series to learn about general Kubernetes concepts. This guide assumes a general understanding of core Kubernetes concepts.
Install kubectl
macOS:
Install via Homebrew:
brew install kubernetes-cli
If you don’t have Homebrew installed, visit the Homebrew home page for instructions. Alternatively, you can manually install the binary; visit the Kubernetes documentation for instructions.
Linux:
Download the latest kubectl release:
curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
Make the downloaded file executable:
chmod +x ./kubectl
Move the command into your PATH:
sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
NoteYou can also install kubectl via your package manager; visit the Kubernetes documentation for instructions.
Windows:
Visit the Kubernetes documentation for a link to the most recent Windows release.
Create an LKE Cluster
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
region |
The data center region where your cluster will be deployed. Currently, us-central is the only available region for LKE clusters. |
label |
A human readable name to identify your cluster. This must be unique. If no label is provided, one will be assigned automatically. Labels must start with an alpha [a-z][A-Z] character, must only consist of alphanumeric characters and dashes, and must not contain two dashes in a row. |
node_pools |
The collections of Linodes that serve as the worker nodes in your LKE cluster. |
k8s_version |
The desired version of Kubernetes for this cluster. |
Note
To create an LKE Cluster, send a
POST
request to the/lke/clusters
endpoint. The example below displays all possible request body parameters. Note thattags
is an optional parameter.curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -X POST -d '{ "label": "cluster12345", "region": "us-central", "k8s_version": "1.16", "tags": ["ecomm", "blogs"], "node_pools": [ { "type": "g6-standard-2", "count": 2}, { "type": "g6-standard-4", "count": 3} ] }' https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters
You will receive a response similar to:
{"k8s_version": "1.16", "updated": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "region": "us-central", "tags": ["ecomm", "blogs"], "label": "cluster12345", "id": 456, "created": "2019-22-02T17:17:49"}%
Make note of your cluster’s ID, as you will need it to continue to interact with your cluster in the next sections. In the example above, the cluster’s ID is
"id": 456
. You can also access your cluster’s ID by listing all LKE Clusters on your account.Note
Each Linode account has a limit to the number of Linode resources they can deploy. This includes services, like Linodes, NodeBalancers, Block Storage, etc. If you run into issues deploying the number of nodes you designate for a given cluster’s node pool, you may have run into a limit on the number of resources allowed on your account. Contact Linode Support if you believe this may be the case.
Connect to your LKE Cluster
Now that your LKE cluster is created, you can access and manage your cluster using kubectl on your computer. This will give you the ability to interact with the Kubernetes API, and to create and manage Kubernetes objects in your cluster.
To communicate with your LKE cluster, kubectl requires a copy of your cluster’s kubeconfig. In this section, you will access the contents of your kubeconfig using the Linode API and then set up kubectl to communicate with your LKE cluster.
Access your LKE cluster’s kubeconfig file by sending a
GET
request to the/lke/clusters/{clusterId}/kubeconfig
endpoint. Ensure you replace12345
with your cluster’s ID that you recorded in the previous section:curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/kubeconfig
The API returns a base64 encoded string (a useful format for automated pipelines) representing your kubeconfig. Your output will resemble the following:
{"kubeconfig": "YXBpVmVyc2lvbjogdjEKY2x1c3RlcnM6Ci0gY2x1c3RlcjoKICAgIGNlcnRpZmljYXRlLWF1dGhvcml0eS1kYXRhOiBMUzB0TFMxQ1JVZEpUaUJEUlZKVVNVWkpRMEZVUlMwdExTMHRDazFKU1VONVJFTkRRV0pEWjBGM1NVSkJaMGxDUVVSQlRrSm5hM0ZvYTJsSE9YY3dRa0ZSYzBaQlJFRldUVkpOZDBWUldVUldVVkZFUlhkd2NtUlhTbXdLWTIwMWJHUkhWbnBOUWpSWVJGUkZOVTFFWjNkTmFrVXpUVlJqTVUxV2IxaEVWRWsx ... 0TFMwdExRbz0K"}%
Copy the
kubeconfig
field’s value from the response body, since you will need it in the next step.Note
Make sure you only copy the long string inside the quotes following"kubeconfig":
in your output. Do not copy the curly braces or anything outside of them. You will receive an error if you use the full output in later steps.Save the base64 kubeconfig to an environment variable:
KUBE_VAR='YXBpVmVyc2lvbjogdjEK ... 0TFMwdExRbz0K'
Navigate to your computer’s
~/.kube
directory. This is where kubectl looks for kubeconfig files, by default.cd ~/.kube
Create a directory called
configs
within~/.kube
. You can use this directory to store your kubeconfig files.mkdir configs cd configs
Decode the contents of
$KUBE_VAR
and save it to a new YAML file:echo $KUBE_VAR | base64 -D > cluster12345-config.yaml
Note
The YAML file that you decode to (cluster12345-config.yaml
here) can have any name of your choosing.Add the kubeconfig file to your
$KUBECONFIG
environment variable.export KUBECONFIG=cluster12345-config.yaml
Verify that your cluster is selected as kubectl’s current context:
kubectl config get-contexts
View the contents of the configuration:
kubectl config view
Note
You can also access a decoded version of your kubeconfig file in the Linode Cloud Manager.View all nodes in your LKE cluster using kubectl:
kubectl get nodes
Your output will resemble the following example, but will vary depending on your own cluster’s configurations.
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION lke166-193-5d44703cd092 Ready none 2d22h v1.14.0 lke166-194-5d44703cd780 Ready none 2d22h v1.14.0 lke166-195-5d44703cd691 Ready none 2d22h v1.14.0 lke166-196-5d44703cd432 Ready none 2d22h v1.14.0 lke166-197-5d44703cd211 Ready none 2d22h v1.14.0
Now that you are connected to your LKE cluster, you can begin using kubectl to deploy applications, inspect and manage cluster resources, and view logs.
Persist the Kubeconfig Context
If you create a new terminal window, it will not have access to the context that you specified using the previous instructions. This context information can be made persistent between new terminals by setting the KUBECONFIG
environment variable in your shell’s configuration file.
NoteIf you are using Windows, review the official Kubernetes documentation for how to persist your context.
These instructions will persist the context for users of the Bash terminal. They will be similar for users of other terminals:
Open up your Bash profile (e.g.
~/.bash_profile
) in the text editor of your choice and add your configuration file to the$KUBECONFIG
PATH variable.If an
export KUBECONFIG
line is already present in the file, append to the end of this line as follows; if it is not present, add this line to the end of your file:export KUBECONFIG=$KUBECONFIG:$HOME/.kube/config:$HOME/.kube/configs/cluster12345-config.yaml
Note
Alter the$HOME/.kube/configs/cluster12345-config.yaml
path in the above line with the name of the file you decoded to in the previous section.Close your terminal window and open a new window to receive the changes to the
$KUBECONFIG
variable.Use the
config get-contexts
command forkubectl
to view the available cluster contexts:kubectl config get-contexts
You should see output similar to the following:
CURRENT NAME CLUSTER AUTHINFO NAMESPACE * kubernetes-admin@kubernetes kubernetes kubernetes-admin
If your context is not already selected, (denoted by an asterisk in the
current
column), switch to this context using theconfig use-context
command. Supply the full name of the cluster (including the authorized user and the cluster):kubectl config use-context kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
You should see output like the following:
Switched to context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes".
You are now ready to interact with your cluster using
kubectl
. You can test the ability to interact with the cluster by retrieving a list of Pods in thekube-system
namespace:kubectl get pods -n kube-system
Inspect your LKE Cluster
Once you have created an LKE Cluster, you can access information about its structural configuration using the Linode API.
List LKE Clusters
To view a list of all your LKE clusters, send a GET
request to the /lke/clusters
endpoint.
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters
The returned response body will display the number of clusters deployed to your account and general details about your LKE clusters:
{"results": 2, "data": [{"updated": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "region": "us-central", "id": 456, "k8s_version": "1.16", "label": "cluster-12345", "created": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "tags": ["ecomm", "blogs"]}, {"updated": "2019-08-05T17:00:04", "region": "us-central", "id": 789, "k8s_version": "1.16", "label": "cluster-56789", "created": "2019-08-05T17:00:04", "tags": ["ecomm", "marketing"]}], "pages": 1, "page": 1}%
View an LKE Cluster
You can use the Linode API to access details about an individual LKE cluster. You will need your cluster’s ID to access information about this resource. If you don’t know your cluster’s ID, see the List LKE Clusters section.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
To view your LKE cluster, send a GET
request to the the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}
endpoint. In this example, ensure you replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
Your output will resemble the following:
{"created": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "updated": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "k8s_version": "1.16", "tags": ["ecomm", "blogs"], "label": "cluster-12345", "id": 456, "region": "us-central"}%
List a Cluster’s Node Pools
A node pool consists of one or more Linodes (worker nodes). Each node in the pool has the same plan type. Your LKE cluster can have several node pools. Each pool is assigned its own plan type and number of nodes. To view a list of an LKE cluster’s node pools, you need your cluster’s ID. If you don’t know your cluster’s ID, see the List LKE Clusters section.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
To list your cluster’s node pools, send a GET
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}/pools
endpoint. In this example, replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/pools
The response body will include information on each node pool’s pool ID, Linode type, and node count; and each node’s individual ID and status.
{"pages": 1, "page": 1, "data": [{"count": 2, "id": 193, "type": "g6-standard-2", "linodes": [{"id": "13841932", "status": "ready "}, {"id": "13841933", "status": "ready"}]}, {"count": 3, "id": 194, "type": "g6-standard-4", "linodes": [{"id": "13841934", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841935", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841932", "status": "ready"}]}], "results": 2}%
View a Node Pool
You can use the Linode API to access details about a specific node pool in an LKE cluster. You will need your cluster’s ID and node pool ID to access information about this resource. To retrieve your cluster’s ID, see the List LKE Clusters section. To find a node pool’s ID, see the List a Cluster’s Node Pools section.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
poolId |
ID of the LKE node pool to lookup. |
To view a specific node pool, send a GET
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}/pools/{poolId}
endpoint. In this example, replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID and 456
with the node pool’s ID:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/pools/456
The response body provides information about the number of nodes in the node pool, the node pool’s ID, and type. You will also retrieve information about each individual node in the node pool, including the Linode’s ID and status.
{"count": 2, "id": 193, "type": "g6-standard-2", "linodes": [{"id": "13841932", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841933", "status": "ready"}]}%
NoteIf desired, you can use your node pool’s Linode ID(s) to get more details about each node in the pool. Send a
GET
request to the/linode/indstances/{linodeId}
endpoint. In this example, ensure you replace13841932
with your Linode’s ID.curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ https://api.linode.com/v4/linode/instances/13841932
Although you have access to your cluster’s nodes, it is recommended that you only interact with your nodes via the Linode’s LKE interfaces (like the LKE endpoints in Linode’s API, or the Kubernetes section in the Linode Cloud Manager), or via the Kubernetes API and kubectl.
Modify your LKE Cluster
Once an LKE cluster is created, you can modify the cluster’s label, node pools, and tags. In this section you will learn how to modify each of these parts of your cluster.
Update your LKE Cluster Label
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
To update your LKE cluster’s label, send a PUT
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}
endpoint. In this example, ensure you replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID:
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-X PUT -d '{
"label": "updated-cluster-name"
}' https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
The response body will display the updated cluster label:
{"created": "2019-08-02T17:17:49", "updated": "2019-08-05T19:11:19", "k8s_version": "1.16", "tags": ["ecomm", "blogs"], "label": "updated-cluster-name", "id": 456, "region": "us-central"}%
Add a Node Pool to your LKE Cluster
A node pool consists of one or more Linodes (worker nodes). Each node in the pool has the same plan type and is identical to each other. Your LKE cluster can have several node pools, each pool with its own plan type and number of nodes.
You will need your cluster’s ID in order to add a node pool to it. If you don’t know your cluster’s ID, see the List LKE Clusters section.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
type |
The Linode plan type to use for all the nodes in the pool. Linode plans designate the type of hardware resources applied to your instance. |
count |
The number of nodes to include in the node pool. Each node will have the same plan type. |
To add a node pool to an existing LKE cluster, send a POST
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}/pools
endpoint. The request body must include the type
and count
parameters. In the URL of this example, ensure you replace 12345
with your own cluster’s ID:
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-X POST -d '{
"type": "g6-standard-1",
"count": 5
}' https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/pools
The response body will resemble the following:
{"count": 5, "id": 196, "type": "g6-standard-1", "linodes": [{"id": "13841945", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841946", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841947", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841948", "status": "ready"}, {"id": "13841949", "status": "ready"}]}%
NoteEach Linode account has a limit to the number of Linode resources they can deploy. This includes services, like Linodes, NodeBalancers, Block Storage, etc. If you run into issues deploying the number of nodes you designate for a given cluster’s node pool, you may have run into a limit on the number of resources allowed on your account. Contact Linode Support if you believe this may be the case.
Resize your LKE Node Pool
You can resize an LKE cluster’s node pool to add or decrease its number of nodes. You will need your cluster’s ID and the node pool’s ID in order to resize it. If you don’t know your cluster’s ID, see the List LKE Clusters section. If you don’t know your node pool’s ID, see the List a Cluster’s Node Pools section.
NoteYou cannot modify an existing node pool’s plan type. If you would like your LKE cluster to use a different node pool plan type, you can add a new node pool to your cluster with the same number of nodes to replace the current node pool. You can then delete the node pool that is no longer needed.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
poolId |
ID of the LKE node pool to lookup. |
count |
The number of Linodes in the node pool. |
To update your node pool’s node count, send a PUT
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}/pools/{poolId}
endpoint. In the URL of this example, replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID and 196
with your node pool’s ID:
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-X PUT -d '{
"type": "g6-standard-4",
"count": 6
}' https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/pools/196
NoteEach Linode account has a limit to the number of Linode resources they can deploy. This includes services, like Linodes, NodeBalancers, Block Storage, etc. If you run into issues deploying the number of nodes you designate for a given cluster’s node pool, you may have run into a limit on the number of resources allowed on your account. Contact Linode Support if you believe this may be the case.
Add New Tags to your LKE Cluster
Like many Linode resources, you can add tags to your LKE Cluster for organizational purposes. This section will show you how to add new tags to an existing LKE Cluster.
View all of your account's tagsTo view all of the tags existing on your account, issue the following request against the API:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ https://api.linode.com/v4/tags
Your response will resemble the example:
{“data”: [{“label”: “blogs”}, {“label”: “ecomm”}, {“label”: “prod”}, {“label”: “monitoring”}], “page”: 1, “pages”: 1, “results”: 4}%
View the tags currently assigned to your cluster:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
The response body will contain an array of your cluster’s tags. In the example response, the cluster’s tags are
blog
, andecomm
.{"id": 12345, "status": "ready", "created": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "updated": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "label": "cluster-12345", "region": "us-central", "k8s_version": "1.17", "tags": ["blog", "ecomm"]}%
To add new tags to your cluster’s existing tags, your request must include a
tags
array with all previous and new tags. The example request will add the new tagsprod
andmonitoring
to the cluster.curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -X PUT -d '{ "tags" : ["ecomm", "blog", "prod", "monitoring"] }' \ https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
The response will display all of your cluster’s tags. In the example response, the cluster’s tags are now
blog
,ecomm
,prod
, andmonitoring
.{"id": 12345, "status": "ready", "created": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "updated": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "label": "cluster-12345", "region": "us-central", "k8s_version": "1.17", "tags": ["blog", "ecomm", "monitoring", "prod"]}%
Delete Tags from your LKE Cluster
This section will show you how to delete tags from your LKE Cluster.
View the tags currently assigned to your cluster:
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
The response body will contain an array of your cluster’s tags. In the example response, the cluster’s tags are
blog
,ecomm
,prod
, andmonitoring
.{"id": 12345, "status": "ready", "created": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "updated": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "label": "cluster-12345", "region": "us-central", "k8s_version": "1.17", "tags": [["blog", "ecomm", "monitoring", "prod"]}%
To delete a tag from your cluster, issue a request with only the tags you would like to keep assigned to your cluster. In the example request, the tags
monitoring
andprod
are excluded from thetags
array and so will be deleted from your cluster.curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -X PUT -d '{ "tags" : ["ecomm", "blog"] }' \ https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
The response will display all of your cluster’s current tags. In the example response, the cluster’s tags are now
blog
, andecomm
.{"id": 12345, "status": "ready", "created": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "updated": "2020-04-13T20:17:22", "label": "cluster-12345", "region": "us-central", "k8s_version": "1.17", "tags": ["blog", "ecomm"]}%
Delete a Node Pool from an LKE Cluster
When you delete a node pool you also delete the Linodes (nodes) and routes to them. The Pods running on those nodes are evicted and rescheduled. If you have assigned Pods to the deleted Nodes, the Pods might remain in an unschedulable condition if no other node in the cluster satisfies the node selector.
Required Parameters | Description |
---|---|
clusterId |
ID of the LKE cluster to lookup. |
poolId |
ID of the LKE node pool to lookup. |
To delete a node pool from a LKE cluster, send a DELETE
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}/pools/{poolId}
end point. In the URL of this example, replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID and 196
with your cluster’s node pool ID:
CautionThis step is permanent and will result in the loss of data.
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-X DELETE \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345/pools/196
Delete an LKE Cluster
Deleting an LKE cluster will delete the Master node, all worker nodes, and all NodeBalancers created by the cluster. However, it will not delete any Volumes created by the LKE cluster.
To delete an LKE Cluster, send a DELETE
request to the /lke/clusters/{clusterId}
endpoint. In the URL of this example, replace 12345
with your cluster’s ID:
CautionThis step is permanent and will result in the loss of data.
curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-X DELETE \
https://api.linode.com/v4/lke/clusters/12345
General Network and Firewall Information
In an LKE cluster, both of the following types of workload endpoints cannot be reached from the Internet:
Pod IPs, which use a per-cluster virtual network in the range 10.2.0.0/16
ClusterIP Services, which use a per-cluster virtual network in the range 10.128.0.0/16
All of the following types of workloads can be reached from the Internet:
NodePort Services, which listen on all Nodes with ports in the range 30000-32768.
LoadBalancer Services, which automatically deploy and configure a NodeBalancer.
Any manifest which uses hostNetwork: true and specifies a port.
Most manifests which use hostPort and specify a port.
Exposing workloads to the public Internet through the above methods can be convenient, but they can also carry a security risk. You may wish to manually install firewall rules on your cluster nodes; to do so, please see this community post. Linode is developing services which will allow for greater flexibility for the network endpoints of these types of workloads in the future.
Where to Go From Here?
Now that you have created an LKE cluster, you can start deploying workloads to it. Review these guides for further help:
- How to Install Apps on Kubernetes with Helm 3
- Create and Deploy a Docker Container Image to a Kubernetes Cluster
- Troubleshooting Kubernetes
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