How To Create an OAuth App with the Linode Python API Library

Updated Monday, August 19, 2019 by Linode Contributed by Linode

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Linode supports the OAuth 2 authorization protocol. OAuth 2 allows a user to safely grant a third-party app permission to act on their behalf. This means that a user could authorize an app to access data and / or make changes to their Linode account and services that are exposed by the Linode APIv4. For example, an app could create or destroy Linodes, manage a NodeBalancer, or alter a domain.

This guide will show you how to create a simple OAuth application using Flask and the Linode Python API library. This app allows a user to log in with their Linode account and create a Linode with a StackScript. The complete code for this example is available in the Linode APIv4 Python library example repository.

Before You Begin

Normally, in order to create an OAuth app with Linode your server must have HTTPS enabled. The only exceptions to this rule are localhost addresses, which can use HTTP. As this guide is just a primer and is not intended to supply production ready code, we will be working with a local workstation, using localhost. If you choose to create an app for production, you will need to generate SSL certificates for HTTPS access.
Ensure that Python 3 is installed on your workstation.

Obtaining a Client ID and a Client Secret

In order for Linode to verify the identity of your app, called a client, you will need to generate a set of credentials, specifically a client ID and a client secret.

Log in to the Linode Cloud Manager and navigate to your Account Profile.
From there, click on the My Apps tab and select Create My App. You will be prompted to supply a label for your app and a callback URL. We will discuss the role of the callback URL in depth later in this guide. For now you can supply the following URL:
```
http://localhost:5000/auth_callback
```
Leave Public unchecked and click Submit.
A window will appear with your client secret. Copy this down somewhere secure, as once you exit this window you will not be able to retrieve the client secret again, and will be forced to generate a new one.
Once you exit the client secret window your app will appear as part of a list of apps. Note your client ID, as this is the last piece of information you will need to verify your app’s identity.

In summary, you should have these three bits of information, with values similar to the ones provided here:

Client ID: ce571a8cdad1ba4a0a7d
Client Secret: fab8e2222e83b9b2f50a76012122ec20a5acb005ed088f3fccda2c9c2c4e1cbd
Callback URL: http://localhost:5000/auth_callback

OAuth 2 Authentication Exchange

The OAuth 2 workflow is a series of exchanges between your third-party app and Linode. Below is an explanation of these exchanges.

The end user visits your client application’s website and attempts to login.
Your client application redirects the end user to the authentication server (https://login.linode.com) with your client application’s client ID and requested OAuth scopes, which appear in the URL of the login page.
The end user inputs their username and password to the authorization server and authorizes the login.
The authorization server redirects the end user back to your client application with a temporary authorization code (sometimes called an exchange code) in the URL.
The client application issues a POST request to the authentication server containing the authorization code and the client application’s client secret.
The authentication server responds to the client application with a newly issued OAuth access token.

In the following sections you will write the code to perform each one of these steps, using the Linode Python API library.

Setup Your Development Environment

Create a project folder and move into that folder.

mkdir ~/linode-oauth-project && cd ~/linode-oauth-project

For this project, you will need to use pip to download and install the required Python libraries. Install pip if you do not already have it:
```
apt install python-pip
```

Install the required Python libraries:

pip install flask flask-session linode_api4

Configure Your App

In a text editor, create a file named config.py. Add the following variables and values, being sure to change the values to your own.

The StackScript used in this example is for demo purposes. To explore other available StackScripts, visit the Linode StackScript Library. Note that the stackscript_id does not have quotation marks around it. The secret key is used for serializing session data, and should be a value only you know.

config.py

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client_id = 'ce571a8cdad1ba4a0a7d'
client_secret = 'fab8e2222e83b9b2f50a76012122ec20a5acb005ed088f3fccda2c9c2c4e1cbd'
stackscript_id = 320826
application_name = 'my-application-name'
secret_key = 'my-secret-key'

Author an OAuth2 App

In this section, you will write the code for the app.

Include Imports

Ensure you are in the linode-oauth-project directory and create and open a file called app.py in the text editor of your choice. Include the following libraries:

app.py

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import re
from flask import Flask, redirect, request, render_template, session, send_from_directory
from flask_session import Session
from linode_api4 import (LinodeClient, LinodeLoginClient, StackScript, Image, Region, Type, OAuthScopes)

import config

Set Up Flask and Session Key

Copy in the following code to set up Flask and the session secret key:

app.py

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...

app=Flask(__name__)
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = config.secret_key

In app.py add the following function to return the LinodeLoginClient class. The LinodeLoginClient class is the library’s OAuth interface. Note that we are passing the client_id and client_secret parameters from our config.py file to the class:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...

def get_login_client():
    return LinodeLoginClient(config.client_id, config.client_secret)

Create an Index Route

In Flask you can create HTTP endpoints with routes. The index route, defined in the code below at the document root /, will be the route the user will see when they navigate to http://localhost:5000/. This route will be responsible for displaying the available Linode plan types, the available regions, and the StackScript-compatible images that a user will choose from when creating their new Linode.

To query a list of available plan types and regions you can use the LinodeClient class, which is an interface for Linode’s APIv4. Viewing the Linode plan types and regions does not require any sort of authorization, so you can provide a dummy value of no-token to instantiate the class:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...

@app.route('/')
def index():
    client = LinodeClient('no-token')
    types = client.linode.types(Type.label.contains("Linode"))
    regions = client.regions()
    stackscript = StackScript(client, config.stackscript_id)
    return render_template('configure.html',
        types=types,
        regions=regions,
        application_name=config.application_name,
        stackscript=stackscript
    )

It is important to note that the two API queries in the above code are slightly different from one another. The client.regions method is a top-level method, just as it appears in the Linode API. The client.linode.types method, on the other hand, is part of the Linode group, which is a collection of methods that deal with Linodes. Again, this is because Linode endpoints are grouped that way in the API. Some methods in the Linode Python library are top level, such as domain_create, while others, like networking.ip_assign, are part of a group. For more information on the top-level methods and groupings, consult the library documentation.

In addition to querying the API, the above route also renders the configure.html template by passing it the types, regions, application name, and StackScript object. The StackScript object contains a list of StackScript compatible images. We will cover templating in a later section.

Next, create a login route in app.py. This route will perform two functions. First, it will serialize the user’s plan type, region, and image selections into the session.

Second, this route will redirect the user to Linode’s login page where they will be prompted to authorize your client app and the scopes you have requested for it. Scopes are sets of permissions that define the access level of your client app. For instance, to create a Linode, your end user must authorize the OAuthScopes.Linodes.create scope.

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...

@app.route('/', methods=["POST"])
def start_auth():
    login_client = get_login_client()
    session['dc'] = request.form['region']
    session['distro'] = request.form['distribution']
    session['type'] = request.form['type']
    return redirect(login_client.generate_login_url(scopes=OAuthScopes.Linodes.create))

When the user returns to your app from the Linode login page, they will be directed to the callback URL.

Note
Below is a list of available scopes:

OAuthScopes.Linodes

OAuthScopes.Domains

OAuthScopes.StackScripts

OAuthScopes.Users

OAuthScopes.NodeBalancers

OAuthScopes.Tokens

OAuthScopes.IPs

OAuthScopes.Tickets

OAuthScopes.Clients

OAuthScopes.Account

OAuthScopes.Events

OAuthScopes.Volumes

Each scope is broken into five permissions: view, create, modify, delete, and all. The all permission encompasses the other four permissions.

Manage the OAuth 2 Callback URL

The OAuth 2 callback URL has two main responsibilities. Its first responsibility is to help prove the identity of the client application. When a user attempts to log in to Linode through OAuth, instead of redirecting the user back to the page they came from, Linode’s OAuth implementation matches the client ID to the callback URL you have registered with your app on Linode’s system. This ensures that a nefarious third party can’t just steal the client ID, which is public, and attempt to authorize their own app with it.

The callback URL’s second responsibility is to kick off the process of exchanging an authorization code for an access token. This second process is done over POST, and so it doesn’t require the user to physically leave the page they are returned to after they log in to Linode. Now you will write the code that satisfies this second responsibility.

In app.py, add the following lines:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...

@app.route('/auth_callback')
def auth_callback():
    code = request.args.get('code')
    login_client = get_login_client()
    token, scopes, _, _ = login_client.finish_oauth(code)

    # ensure we have sufficient scopes
    if not OAuthScopes.Linodes.create in scopes:
        return render_template('error.html', error='Insufficient scopes granted to deploy {}'\
                .format(config.application_name))

    (linode, password) = make_instance(token, session['type'], session['dc'], session['distro'])

    get_login_client().expire_token(token)
    return render_template('success.html',
        password=password,
        linode=linode,
        application_name=config.application_name
    )

Let’s take a look at what each of the parts of this section does.

First, a route is defined for the callback with @app.route(), then a function called auth_callback is defined that will run whenever this route is accessed:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
@app.route('/auth_callback')
def auth_callback():
...

When the user is returned to the callback URL, an authorization code is appended to the URL. The variable code is set to retrieve this value from the URL’s request arguments:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    code = request.args.get('code')
...

Then you retrieve an instance of the LinodeLoginClient class:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    login_client = get_login_client()
...

Once you have the LinodeLoginClient class, you can pass the authorization code to the finish_oauth method, which is a helper method that will manage the authorization code to OAuth token exchange. This method returns an OAuth token, and the scopes the user has agreed upon.

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    token, scopes, _, _ = login_client.finish_oauth(code)
...

The next section compares the scopes your app requested from the user to the scopes returned by Linode’s OAuth login page. If the returned scopes do not include the correct scopes, in this case the OAuthScopes.Linode.create scope, then an error template is rendered and an error message is displayed:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    # ensure we have sufficient scopes
    if not OAuthScopes.Linodes.create in scopes:
        return render_template('error.html', error='Insufficient scopes granted to deploy {}'\
                .format(config.application_name))
...

Once your app has determined that it has the correct permissions, it creates the Linode using the Linode plan type, the region, and the image that the app serialized into session storage. You will create the make_instance function in the next step. The make_instance function returns the linode object, which contains the Linode’s label, group, and IP address, and the function also returns a randomly generated password:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    (linode, password) = make_instance(token, session['type'], session['dc'], session['distro'])
...

Once the Linode has been created, the app expires the OAuth access token. Expiring tokens after use is a strong security measure but if your app is performing many actions on behalf of the user, you might find that time-based expiration scheme is more suitable to your needs. The app then renders the success template by passing it the linode object, the password, and application name:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...
    get_login_client().expire_token(token)
    return render_template('success.html',
        password=password,
        linode=linode,
        application_name=config.application_name
    )

Create a Function to Deploy a Linode

Now, create the make_instance function that you referenced above:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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...

def make_instance(token, type_id, region_id, distribution_id):
    client = LinodeClient('{}'.format(token))
    stackscript = StackScript(client, config.stackscript_id)
    (linode, password) = client.linode.instance_create(type_id, region_id,
            group=config.application_name,
            image=distribution_id, stackscript=stackscript.id)

    if not linode:
        raise RuntimeError("it didn't work")
    return linode, password

The make_instance function takes an OAuth access token, the type ID, the region ID, and the image (Linux distribution) ID as parameters. It creates an instance of the LinodeClient class, and unlike the instance of LinodeClient used earlier in the guide, this one requires an OAuth token because you will be using it to create a Linode. The function then creates a Linode using the linode.instance_create method, returning the linode object and the password.

Finally, if there was an error with the creation of the Linode, the if not linode statement will raise a runtime error.

Set the name Variable

At the end of your app.py, paste in the following code to make sure you can run your app:

~/linode-oauth-project/app.py

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if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.debug=True
    app.run()

Create App Templates

Now that you have written the backend code for your app, you’ll need to create a frontend user interface. Begin by creating a templates directory in your project directory and moving into it:

mkdir ~/linode-oauth-project/templates && cd ~/linode-oauth-project/templates

Using your preferred text editor, create and open base.html. This will be the base template from which your other templates will inherit their stylesheets and JavaScript files:

~/linode-oauth-project/templates/base.html

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<html>
<head>
    <title>Install On Linode</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css"
        integrity="sha384-1q8mTJOASx8j1Au+a5WDVnPi2lkFfwwEAa8hDDdjZlpLegxhjVME1fgjWPGmkzs7" crossorigin="anonymous">
    <style>
        body{
            text-align: center;
            background-color: #333333;
        }
        .form-group{
            display: inline-block;
            text-align: left;
            width: 250px;
            border: 1px solid #cccccc;
            margin: 5px;
            padding: 5px;
        }
        .form-group label{
            color: #337ab7;
        }
        .form-group select{
            font-size: 16px;
            outline: none;
            border: 0px solid #000000;
            box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0);
            -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0);
        }
        .form-group select:focus{
            box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0);
            -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0);
        }
        .btn-lg{
            border-radius: 0px;
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        .row{
            margin-bottom: 20px
        }
        .pop{
            color: #337ab7;
            font-weight: bold
        }
        code{
            color: #337ab7;
            background-color: #eeeeee
        }
        .boxy{
            border: 1px solid #cccccc;
            width: 400px;
            background-color: #f9f9f9;
            margin: auto;
            padding: 10px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class='container' style='background-color: white; border-left: grey; border-right: grey; height: 100%; padding: 20px;'>
        {% block content %}
        {% endblock %}
    </div>

    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js"
        integrity="sha384-0mSbJDEHialfmuBBQP6A4Qrprq5OVfW37PRR3j5ELqxss1yVqOtnepnHVP9aJ7xS"
        crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</body>

The important thing to note in the above template is the Jinja2 templating tags. They are:

{% block content %}
{% endblock %}

As you will see, any template that extends the base.html template and includes code between the opening and closing content block, will render the code laid out by base.html.

Create a file called configure.html, which will be the UI a user will see when they reach the document root endpoint (/). Copy in the following code:

templates/configure.html

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{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}
    <form method="POST">
        <div class='row'>
            <h1>Deploy <span style="color: #337ab7;">{{application_name}}</span> to a Linode</h1>
            <p>
                This will create a brand new Linode running {{application_name}} on your
                account and give you the credentials.
            </p>
        </div>
        <div class='row'>
            <div class='form-group'>
                <label for='type'>Type</label>
                <select name='type'i id='type' class='form-control'
                    onblur="blurring(this)" onfocus="focusing(this)">
                    {% for s in types %}
                        <option value="{{s.id}}">{{s.label}}</option>
                    {% endfor %}
                </select>
            </div>
            <div class='form-group'>
                <label for='region'>Region</label>
                <select name='region' id='region' class='form-control'
                    onblur="blurring(this)" onfocus="focusing(this)">
                    {% for o in regions %}
                        <option value="{{o.id}}">{{o.id}}</option>
                    {% endfor %}
                </select>
            </div>
            <div class='form-group'>
                <label for='distribution'>Images</label>
                <select name='distribution' id='distribution' class='form-control'
                    onblur="blurring(this)" onfocus="focusing(this)">
                    {% for d in stackscript.images %}
                        <option value="{{d.id.id}}">{{d.id.id}}</option>
                    {% endfor %}
                </select>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class='row'>
            <input type="submit" value="Deploy Linode" class='btn btn-primary btn-lg'/>
        </div>
    </form>
    <script>
        function focusing(ele){
            ele.parentElement.style.borderColor = "#337ab7";
        }
        function blurring(ele){
            ele.parentElement.style.borderColor = "#cccccc";
        }
    </script>
{% endblock %}

Here the template begins with two statements: {% extends 'base.html' %} and a {% block content %} statement. These two tags tell Jinja2 to extend the code within base.html, and to place everything within {% block content %} ... {% endblock %} in configure.html between the corresponding {% block content %} ... {% endblock %} tags in base.html.

configure.html includes Jinja2 logic, with the inclusion of for statements like {% for o in regions %}. These statements are like for statements in other languages, and are used to iterate over an array or list. In this example, it is iterating over the regions that we passed to the template from the index route. configure.html also contains variables, which are denoted by double curly brackets: {{ s.id }}.

Create another file called error.html. This will be the template that appears whenever there is an error in the Linode deployment. Copy in the following code:

templates/error.html

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{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}
    <div class='row'>
        <h1 class="pop">Error</h1>
        <p>{{error}}</p>
    </div>
    <div class='row' style='margin-top: 20px'>
        <a href='/' class='btn btn-lg btn-default'>Try Again</a>
    </div>
{% endblock %}

This template works the same way that configure.html does, by extending base.html and providing its own content block.

Lastly, create another file called success.html. This file follows the pattern set by configure.html and error.html, and will present the user with a confirmation message whenever a Linode is successfully created. This message includes the Linode’s label, group, IP address, and password:

templates/success.html

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{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content %}
    <div class='row'>
        <h1>Success!</h1>
        <p>{{application_name}} has been deployed to <span class="pop">{{linode.label}}</span> in the {{linode.group}} group.</p>
    </div>
    <div class='row'>
        <div class='boxy'>
            <p>You can access your Linode with the following command:</p>
            <code>ssh root@{{linode.ipv4[0]}}</code>
            <br />
            <br />
            <p>Your root password is:</p>
            <code>{{password}}</code>
        </div>
    </div>
{% endblock %}

Run Your App

You are now ready to run your app. Change back to your project’s main directory:

cd ~/linode-oauth-project

Run the app.py script:

python3 app.py

Open your browser to the following URL:

http://localhost:5000/

You should be greeted with your new app. Select a plan, a region, and an image to deploy a Linode using the Linode API Python library.

Next Steps

The app you’ve created shows off some of the aspects of the Linode API Python library. You can use LinodeLoginClient to authorize your OAuth app with the appropriate scopes, and can create Linodes through the use of LinodeClient.

In extending this app, you might want to add multiple functionalities, like creating NodeBalancers from a list of available Linodes, or managing domains. To achieve this goal you’ll probably want to separate the login logic from the Linode creation logic. One way to do this would be store the OAuth token in the session, implementing a time-based expiration mechanism to expire your tokens instead.

More Information

You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.

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How To Create an OAuth App with the Linode Python API Library

Before You Begin

Obtaining a Client ID and a Client Secret

OAuth 2 Authentication Exchange

Setup Your Development Environment

Configure Your App

Author an OAuth2 App

Include Imports

Set Up Flask and Session Key

Create a Function to Return the Linode Login Client

Create an Index Route

Create a Login Route

Manage the OAuth 2 Callback URL

Create a Function to Deploy a Linode

Set the name Variable

Create App Templates

Run Your App

Next Steps

More Information

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